Decide whether the underlined parts are perfect gerund (PG) or perfect participle (PP). ⇱
Question 1. We are proud of having built a successful business from scratch.
Question 2. We congratulated Sarah on having been promoted to the position of manager.
Question 3. He apologized for having arrived late to the important presentation.
Question 4. Having learned to play the guitar, he entertained the crowd with his music.
Question 5. Not having read the book, he can’t give us his opinion.
Question 6. Not having studied hard enough, I failed the entrance exam.
Question 7. I remember having visited that museum when I was a child.
Question 8. Having completed his degree gave John more confidence to enter the workforce.
Question 9. Having won the championship, the team celebrated their victory.
Question 10. The students admitted having copied portions of their assignments from the internet.
Rewrite these sentences using perfect gerunds or perfect participle clauses. ⇱
Question 11.
After I had prepared well for my final exam, I felt fairly confident about my success. → Having prepared well for my final exam helped .
Question 12.
"You have cheated on the exam,” said the teacher. → The teacher accused the students of .
Question 13.
Sarah had studied diligently, so she felt confident about her upcoming exam. → Having studied diligently, .
Question 14.
"No, I have never seen the confidential document on my coworker’s desk," said he. → He denied .
Question 15.
They saved enough money, and then they planned an exciting vacation abroad. → Having .