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Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.
Smart Cities in 2050
Technology in 2050 will need to first and foremost aid sustainability. The tech sector is already becoming more ___(14)___, and we can expect that trend to continue. Cities will be driven by smart technology that will ___(15)___ people connected in more ways than before and hopefully boost city-life experience. Efficiency will have its own importance, and that is where artificial intelligence and automation come in. They will likely be the backbone of the ___(16)___ and everyday life.
We will have some hoops to jump through first ___(17)___ it comes to artificial intelligence and automation. As we can see even in 2020, this ___(18)___ has both positive and negative side effects ___(19)___ human life. Hopefully, by 2050, AI and automation will serve solely as a significant benefit to humanity and help us be more ___(20)___, have greater work-life balance, and help economies thrive. We can also expect cities of 2050 to include virtual and augmented reality technology as a mainstream feature of society. Such technology will continue to change the way we interact, as we are all very familiar with here in 2020.
Life in 2050: A Look Into Sustainable Cities of the Future - New Jersey Digest (thedigestonline.com)
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The urban heat island effect
Green spaces in cities mitigate the effects of pollution and can reduce a phenomenon known as the urban heat island effect, which refers to heat trapped in built-up areas.
The urban heat island effect appears in towns and cities as a result of human activity. The heat generated by people, transport, shops and industry is trapped in the narrow roads and concrete structures, unable to escape to the atmosphere. This can bring the temperature in urban areas up 3-4°C higher than the surrounding countryside, and with that comes a vicious cycle.
Increased temperatures in summer leads to an increased demand for cooling. This expands our energy consumption, which in turn intensifies fossil fuel consumption, increasing pollutants in the air and harmful smog on our streets.
Hotter pavements also damage the water cycle. In summer, surface temperatures can be a staggering 50°C hotter than the surrounding air, and that heat is transferred to the rainwater that drains into our sewers, which in turn raises water temperatures as it is released into streams, rivers, and lakes. This can be destructive to aquatic ecosystems, as changes in water temperature can be stressful or even fatal for marine life.
City life: Why are green spaces important? - Natural History Museum (nhm.ac.uk)
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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
A smart city is one which uses digital technology and data to make safer, healthier, and more efficient urban environments. Some cities already use smart solutions to inform their governance and design. For instance, air quality monitoring has been deployed in many cities to issue health updates in real time and implement low-emission zones. And traffic flow data has informed the creation of congestion charges.
There are many other new applications for smart technologies. Monitoring building use could help optimize heating and cooling through the structure, improving energy efficiency. Virtual reality can be deployed by architects and engineers to create the most efficient possible designs. Informal settlements in developing countries with fewer essential services such as cooling, sanitation, or healthcare, can have access improved by digital technology. Mobile phones could offer applications like mobile banking, location tagging for free energy sources such as solar power, and locations for services such as pop-up clinics.
However, the smart city concept brings significant concerns. The rollout of technologies such as facial recognition may create ever more powerful and intrusive surveillance, and gathering enormous data sets on residents’ behaviour presents serious privacy issues. Bad governance could also result in technological solutions being unequally distributed, entrenching existing class divisions within cities.
Wealthy enclaves could become more sealed off from their neighbours as islands of technological abundance while technology is used to control and isolate poorer citizens rather than improve their lives. But future cities have enormous potential as centres for innovation. They are the perfect environment to trial new technological solutions in transport, healthcare, energy efficiency, and climate change adaptation.
https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/what-is-a-smart-city
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