Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.
The overall level of urbanization in Indonesia is low in relation to other countries that are at a comparable stage of economic growth. This can be explained by the phenomenon of nonpermanent, or “circular,” migration on Java and elsewhere: individuals from rural areas live and work in the cities, but they return to their homes at least once every six months. Nevertheless, although there is regional variation in urban growth rates, cities of every population size are growing rapidly.
The growth of the cities has not been accompanied by a parallel growth of industry. The outlook of much of the urban population is still rural. For example, large parts of the population, even in Jakarta, live in settlements that amount to urban kampongs (villages), maintaining rural customs. Urban dwellers generally have a higher standard of living than their rural counterparts, but the availability of adequate housing, potable water, and public transportation services has remained a critical concern.
Indonesia’s urban areas also display great social and economic diversity. The upper class consists of government officials, military officers, and business leaders with a Western orientation; the growing middle class includes civil servants, teachers, and other professionals, as well as skilled workers who typically must struggle to maintain their economic position; and the lower class comprises a larger number of minimally educated and unskilled laborers, traders, and other members of the informal economy who strongly identify with their villages and frequently move back and forth to engage in economic pursuits in both areas.
The significant rural migration rate in main cities makes them ethnically diverse. Jakarta is the most diverse. Many individuals born or raised there still refer to themselves as Batak, Javanese, or Minangkabau and use their local languages at home. These ethnic ties often are strengthened by trips to home villages during harvest time or Ramadan month.
(Adapted from https://www.britannica.com/Indonesia/Urban-settlement)
