Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.
[I] A considerable amount of research suggests a strong correlation between birth order and personality development. [II] Psychologist Alfred Adler was a pioneer in this field, emphasizing that it is not the numerical birth position itself that shapes personality, but rather the way families respond to children in specific birth order positions. [III]For example, first-borns, who initially receive undivided attention from their parents, often develop strong bonds with adults but may struggle with peer socialization later in life. [IV]
Studies on birth order categorize individuals into four main types: first-born, middle, last-born, and only children. First-borns tend to exhibit strong leadership qualities, responsibility, and academic achievement. Research has shown that a disproportionately high number of first-borns become U.S. presidents, members of Congress, and National Merit scholars. However, first-borns are also more prone to stress and pressure, leading them to be labeled as "problem children" more often than their younger siblings. Their high expectations can make them more perfectionistic and competitive.
Middle children, unlike first-borns, often feel overshadowed by older siblings. They may struggle with feelings of inferiority, as they compare their achievements to their older siblings without considering age differences. As a result, middle children often carve out their own identity by excelling in areas where their older siblings do not. They are generally more social, trusting, and cooperative, which makes them excel in team sports and group activities. They are also known to be more diplomatic, acting as peacemakers within the family. Last-borns, often considered the "babies" of the family, tend to be more carefree, outgoing, and socially successful. With a strong sense of security, they engage in group activities such as sororities, fraternities, and social clubs, and are less competitive than their older siblings.
Only children share traits with both first- and last-borns. Like last-borns, they often develop a strong sense of security and self-esteem due to receiving full parental attention. However, like first-borns, they are highly achievement-oriented, excelling academically and often setting high personal goals. Despite these strengths, only children may struggle with forming close relationships and tend to have a lower need for social affiliation. With no siblings to compete or cooperate with, they may become more independent but also experience difficulties in peer relationships.
(Adapted from TOELF reading)
