Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions
Ecosystems are intricate and interconnected systems that encompass all living organisms and their physical environment. These diverse ecosystems, ranging from rainforests to coral reefs, play a vital role in sustaining life on Earth and providing essential services to human societies.
A key characteristic of ecosystems is their delicate balance. Each component, whether it be plants, animals, microorganisms, or abiotic factors like water and soil, interacts with others in a complex web of relationships. These interactions create a dynamic equilibrium that allows the ecosystem to thrive and maintain its functionality.
One crucial aspect of ecosystems is biodiversity. The variety of species within an ecosystem contributes to its resilience and adaptability. A diverse range of plants and animals ensures that if one species is affected by a disturbance, others can step in and fulfill similar ecological roles, preventing catastrophic collapses. Unfortunately, human activities such as deforestation, pollution, and overexploitation of resources have led to a decline in biodiversity, disrupting the balance and stability of many ecosystems.
Another fundamental concept in understanding ecosystems is the flow of energy and nutrients. Producers, such as plants and algae, convert sunlight into energy through photosynthesis. This energy is then transferred through the food chain as herbivores eat plants, and carnivores eat herbivores. Decomposers break down dead organisms, returning nutrients to the soil for the next generation of plants. This interconnected flow of energy and nutrients is vital for the functioning and sustainability of the ecosystem.
